刚刚开始接触此行业的时候有许多所谓的
建筑术语都听得不明不白。
在这里与大家分享一下我所知道的建筑术语
让大家来学习以下，
有一些或许是你们都听过的。
Indon = 这个很多人都知道是Indonesian的简称，
但是印尼外劳并不太喜欢人家这么称呼他们。
Florest / Plorest = 这也是外劳的一种,
样貌与印尼工人不大一样，吃蛇肉狗肉，
额头突出，卷发，独来独往，凶悍，
这是许多人对他们的印象，
听说他们是掠头族的后裔(请知情的看官提供更详细的资料）。
收口 = 两种不同的建材交接的地方。
（这有点复杂，我不大会解释，希望各位建筑达人帮忙。）
通 = 福建话发音为Tong，梁(Beam)的简称。
阵 = 广东话，梁(Beam)的简称。
地脚阵 = 广东话，Ground Beam的简称。
地下通 = 福建话发音为Toh Kah Tong，Ground Beam的简称。
矮仔柱 = Stump或Stiffener的简称。
地下到 = 福建话发音为Toh Kah Tao,就是Ground Slab的简称。
楼棚/石屎棚 = 广东话，就是一楼以上的Slab。
一楼楼棚就是1st Floor Slab，如此类推。
天面阵 = 广东话，Roof Beam的简称。
天面通 = 福建话，Roof Beam的简称。
金字 = 顶楼中墙（Party Wall)三角形的砖墙。
金纸 = 这不是冥币，这是屋瓦下面的锡箔纸(Aluminum Foil）。
棉花 / 玻璃棉 = Metal Deck Roof下面的玻璃纤维(Rock Wood)。
铁路 =滑门(Sliding Door)下面的架构。
马 = 这不是江湖佬所谓的“马”，这是三角形的屋架(Truss)的简称。
鸡翼 = 广东话，就是屋顶边缘靠近墙壁的地方。
虾须 = 广东话，就是屋脊(Roof Hip)，“Y”形状的地方。
豆腐 = Spacer Block。
格仔 = 木条的简称。2寸 X 2寸的木条俗称“2夹2格仔”，如此类推。
马仔 = Bar Chair（作用与Spacer Block一样）。
檐(gam)口板 = 广东话，就是Facia Board的简称。
三行佬 = 就是会扎板(Carpenter)，扎铁(Bar Bender
)及下石屎(Concreter/Mason)三种都熟练的工人。
许多建筑公司都喜欢让三行佬来包工，
因为这将会在工程协调(Project Coordination)
上省下许多不必要的麻烦。
头手 = 师傅级技术工人。也有人把Main Con称为头手。
二手 = 师傅级技术工人的助手。也有人把Sub Con称为二手。
三手 = 可怜兼没有油水的Sub Sub Con。
井 = 广东话，此井非有水的井。1井是100平方尺(Square Feet)。
多数用来算烫灰(Plastering)或抹沙灰(Cement Render)的面积。
Lxx Jxxx（这是粗口） = 福建话，是下石屎是会用到的震动器(Vibrator)。相信很多人都知道。
春袋（这是粗口）= 广东话，是种用来测量垂直平水（如柱子）的简单工具。L形的木条用长度约1.5米的绳子绑住一格形状像陀螺(Gasing)般的铁块。
泥机 / 泷沟车 / Case = Backhoe。Case是Backhoe的其中一款牌子。
神手/ Hitachi = Excavator。中国人及台湾人喜欢称它为“怪手”。印尼外劳喜欢称它为Hitachi。Hitachi是Excavator其中一款牌子。
桥 / Boom = 吊车申出来长方形的重型结构。“出桥”就是吊车把长方形的重型结构申出来。还有“收桥”，“起桥”，“转桥”及等等。
Makita = 这其实是一个工具品牌，在工地的意思就是小架的磨机（很多都是用Makita这牌子）。用来磨铁或切模板，也可以用来切砖块(Bricks或Tiles)及等等。
大伯公 = 工地最有势力的人。
公司工(Kong Si Kong) = 自家公司的员工/ 意思就属于自己的工作范围（不是sub给其他人）。
工卡(Kong Card / Kong Kad) = 外劳的“粮单”，记录每天工作时间的卡。外劳的薪水就是依照工卡上的纪录发配。
公司(Kong Si) = 在工地上外劳居住的地方。一般上是用简陋的三夹板建造的。
工头(Kepala) = 外劳中的“首领”，安排或带领众外劳们工作的人。
大工 = 熟练的工人(Skilled Worker)，价钱比一般工人来得高。
羊叉 = 广东话，这是用格仔钉成T形的木条。在还未下石屎前用来支撑模板(Form Work)中的梁(Beam)。英文好像称为Proping Truss。
拉水 = 用来支撑垂直物如柱子模板(Column Form Work)或羊叉之间的木条。鹰架的Bracer也称为拉水。
狗咬 = 粗制烂造的表面。一般人会说“怎么这东西看起来好像狗咬过的？”
蜜蜂巢 = 干透石屎表面中有很多洞洞的地方(Honey Comb)。
脾把 = 广东话发音为" Peh1 Pa2 "，指90度的角度跑出了准线（歪，倾斜）。
老鼠尾 = 平行线(Parallel Line)出错所造成的地砖(Floor Tiles)与脚线(Skirting Tiles)之间不对称。
曲尺 = 呈方形的准确度(Squareness)，俗称90度或十字线。
鸡公车 = 建筑通用的独轮手推车(Wheel Barrow)。
蝴蝶 = 门斗与门扇之间的铰链铁块(Hinger)。
退头仔 = Back Pusher，用来做路推杂石。
花头 = 柱子或墙壁上的花边。
Orang Kosong = 没有工作证件的外劳。
椰壳 = 安全帽（Safety Helmet）。
鸡嘴 = 壁砖(Wall Tiles)外角(External Edge)削45度形成的尖角。
通光线/神仙线 = 用来控制水平(Level)的主线。
刀手 = Plasterer 或 Brick Layer的大工。
大头钉 = Zink Nail
水漕 = Gutter
角铁 = Angel Bar
板边 = 福建话发音为Ban Pi，就是1st Floor Slab或以上的Slab。
底板 = 广东话发音为Tai Ban，福建话发音为Toi Ban，印尼工人叫做Tai Pan，就是Slab或Beam下面的模板（Soffit Formwork）。
担铁 = Additional Top Bar （Counter compression load），印尼工人叫做Besi Tam。
碌仔 = 油漆佬的Roller。
花腰或衰友 = 广东话，警察，移民局责法人员。
爆江或见红 = 广东话，受伤流血。
出货 = 偷窃工地建筑材料。
Content
Covers these and other key topics:
- Soil mechanics
- Field testing
- Earth slope stability evaluation
- Seismic analysis
- 2006 International Building Code
COMPLETE COVERAGE OF FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
- Introduction
- Geotechnical engineering
- Subsurface Exploration
- Laboratory Testing
- Soil Mechanics
- Design
- Shallow and Deep Foundations
- Bearing Capacity of Foundations
- Settlement of Foundations
- Consolidation
- Foundations on Expansive Soil
- Slope Stability
- Retaining Walls
- Foundation Deterioration and Cracking
- Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering for Soils
- Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering for Foundations and Retaining Walls
- Construction
- Grading and Other Soil Improvement Methods
- Foundation Excavation, Underpinning, and Field Load Tests
- Geosynthesis and Instrumentation
- 2006 International Building Code
- Regulations for Soils
- Regulations for Foundations
Contract Documents
1. Specification
-describes in words, the work to be built, quality of material, workmanship and testing requirement.
-must be defined and precise.
-3 categories:
a. material specification-required types,quality and testing
b. workmanship-quality and safety requirements
c. performance-required performance
-may include standard and particular specification.
2. Daywork Schedule
-the engineer may if in his opinion it is necessary/desirable order in writing that any additional/substitution work shall be executed on a daywork basis.
-the contractor payment for this work will base on the condition set out in the daywork schedule included in BOQ.
3. Provisional Sum
-a sum of money fixed by engineer included in BOQ which is only to be expended, either in whole,in part or not in all under engineers direction for execution of work or the supply of goods, materials, services, or for contingency.
4. Prime Cost
- a sum of money included in BOQ which will be used for execution of work,supply of good,services for the work.
5. Bonds
-contractor often required to obtain a security bond
-find banks or insurance company willing guarantee to meet any damage up to certain amount sustained by the employer as the results of failure and defaults of contractor.
-cost of bond vary with the reputation of the contractor and the risk associated with the work.
6. Variation Order
-variations include additions,omissions,substitutions,alterations.
-change in quality,position,level,dimension
-variation to any part of work will be ordered by the engineer if it is necessary for completion or functionary of the works.
-variation orders must be confirm in writing form although may given orally to the contractor.
7. BOQ
-give the anticipated quantity for each operation of construction as calculated from the drawing.
-easier for comparison of tender prices
-easier for evaluation of finish work in each stage.
-convenient for changes order and evaluation.
-measurement type wherein the contract price is accumulated in a BOQ.
-list the constituent items of work,each of which is priced up by individually by a tendering contractor.
-quantities of work are stated to be the best estimate prior to tender
-work items remeasured during the contract and valued at the rates tendered by the successful contractor.
-describes in words, the work to be built, quality of material, workmanship and testing requirement.
-must be defined and precise.
-3 categories:
a. material specification-required types,quality and testing
b. workmanship-quality and safety requirements
c. performance-required performance
-may include standard and particular specification.
2. Daywork Schedule
-the engineer may if in his opinion it is necessary/desirable order in writing that any additional/substitution work shall be executed on a daywork basis.
-the contractor payment for this work will base on the condition set out in the daywork schedule included in BOQ.
3. Provisional Sum
-a sum of money fixed by engineer included in BOQ which is only to be expended, either in whole,in part or not in all under engineers direction for execution of work or the supply of goods, materials, services, or for contingency.
4. Prime Cost
- a sum of money included in BOQ which will be used for execution of work,supply of good,services for the work.
5. Bonds
-contractor often required to obtain a security bond
-find banks or insurance company willing guarantee to meet any damage up to certain amount sustained by the employer as the results of failure and defaults of contractor.
-cost of bond vary with the reputation of the contractor and the risk associated with the work.
6. Variation Order
-variations include additions,omissions,substitutions,alterations.
-change in quality,position,level,dimension
-variation to any part of work will be ordered by the engineer if it is necessary for completion or functionary of the works.
-variation orders must be confirm in writing form although may given orally to the contractor.
7. BOQ
-give the anticipated quantity for each operation of construction as calculated from the drawing.
-easier for comparison of tender prices
-easier for evaluation of finish work in each stage.
-convenient for changes order and evaluation.
-measurement type wherein the contract price is accumulated in a BOQ.
-list the constituent items of work,each of which is priced up by individually by a tendering contractor.
-quantities of work are stated to be the best estimate prior to tender
-work items remeasured during the contract and valued at the rates tendered by the successful contractor.
The Plant Organization
There are broadly two organizational method by which a contractor controls the purchase,maintenance, and use of mechanical equipment for construction work.
A) Central pool of plant
Advantage:
1. central maintenance facilities can be established. Experts can be employed and sophisticated machine tool for repair work can be purchased because of high utilization of their service can be foreseen.
2. It can be made self-accounting and its operation, carefully controlled from all financial aspects.
3. Specialized plant can be bought and its low utilization offset against the more profitable type of plant in popular demand.
4. Contract of all sizes can readily be served.
5. Reserves of plant are available for use at short notice.
6. Research and development of new equipment is possible.
Disadvantage
1. High cost involved in transport the plant from depot to various contract site.
2. Conflict occur where the profitability of the plant pool is first consider before the optimum operation and profitability of the contract.
3. There is no incentives for site to use the machines strictly accordance with their design. Plant may be inadequately serviced because it is not directly under the eyes of the central plant depot.
B) Individual large contract
Advantage
1. No need for central plant depot. Money can spend on other operation of the company.
2. Plant can be selected for each contract on the basis of the individual requirements of those contracts.
3. Maintenance will be rigorously carried out due to probably to sell the equipment and recoup some of its initial investment. As each contract is responsible for the maintenance of its own mechanical equipment.
4. Reduction in plants transport and haulage costs between a site and the central depot.
Disadvantage
1. Certain economics of large purchasing are lost as it is not readily possible to look at the purchasing of plant on a company-wide basis.
2. Lack of reserve plant to call on in an emergency.
3. Maintenance and repair work may be hampered due to lack of facilities. It is seldom economically viable to set up a comprehensive maintenance and repair depot at each and every site.
A) Central pool of plant
Advantage:
1. central maintenance facilities can be established. Experts can be employed and sophisticated machine tool for repair work can be purchased because of high utilization of their service can be foreseen.
2. It can be made self-accounting and its operation, carefully controlled from all financial aspects.
3. Specialized plant can be bought and its low utilization offset against the more profitable type of plant in popular demand.
4. Contract of all sizes can readily be served.
5. Reserves of plant are available for use at short notice.
6. Research and development of new equipment is possible.
Disadvantage
1. High cost involved in transport the plant from depot to various contract site.
2. Conflict occur where the profitability of the plant pool is first consider before the optimum operation and profitability of the contract.
3. There is no incentives for site to use the machines strictly accordance with their design. Plant may be inadequately serviced because it is not directly under the eyes of the central plant depot.
B) Individual large contract
Advantage
1. No need for central plant depot. Money can spend on other operation of the company.
2. Plant can be selected for each contract on the basis of the individual requirements of those contracts.
3. Maintenance will be rigorously carried out due to probably to sell the equipment and recoup some of its initial investment. As each contract is responsible for the maintenance of its own mechanical equipment.
4. Reduction in plants transport and haulage costs between a site and the central depot.
Disadvantage
1. Certain economics of large purchasing are lost as it is not readily possible to look at the purchasing of plant on a company-wide basis.
2. Lack of reserve plant to call on in an emergency.
3. Maintenance and repair work may be hampered due to lack of facilities. It is seldom economically viable to set up a comprehensive maintenance and repair depot at each and every site.
The Organization of Projects and Contracts
1.1 Project and Contract
The promoter of a capital project invests money in the realization of that project in order to either provide a service or to product goods. The project is conceived and developed to meet a predicted demand of the service or goods.
Return obtained:
-benefit to the users.(hospital,motorway)
-profit to the investors
-provide statutory service and make a small profit.(power station)
The promoter will employ specialists to design and manage the development of the project.
Architects,land agents, and engineers are but three of the disciplines involved.
The promoter may also enter into a legal agreement or contract with a contractor, or a number of contract, for the construction of the project.
The promoter may also, therefore, be called the client or employer.
He is concerned with the flow of money to and from the project-the project cash flow-throughout the life of the project from its conception to the end of some defined period of operation, a period that may extend over many years.
The promoter of a capital project invests money in the realization of that project in order to either provide a service or to product goods. The project is conceived and developed to meet a predicted demand of the service or goods.
Return obtained:
-benefit to the users.(hospital,motorway)
-profit to the investors
-provide statutory service and make a small profit.(power station)
The promoter will employ specialists to design and manage the development of the project.
Architects,land agents, and engineers are but three of the disciplines involved.
The promoter may also enter into a legal agreement or contract with a contractor, or a number of contract, for the construction of the project.
The promoter may also, therefore, be called the client or employer.
He is concerned with the flow of money to and from the project-the project cash flow-throughout the life of the project from its conception to the end of some defined period of operation, a period that may extend over many years.
1.2 The stages of a project
The three distinct stages of a project :
1. Appraisal
2. Engineering
3. Operation
Appraisal. Demand for a service or product must be explored, the location and size of the plant or building defined, and the cash flow predicted. A large number of variable factors need to be considered. (multitude of political and environmental aspects).
Throughout the appraisal stage the promoter is not commited and can abandon the project at any time having incurred relatively modest expenditure. This situation changes at sanction, when a scheme evolved from all appraisal studies is approved.
Engineering. The whole of the engineering phase is governed by the decision made by the promoter when sanctioning the project. Design will normally be undertaken by the promoter or his consulting engineeer in an office remote from the construction site. A substantial amount of information, in the form of specification and drawings relating to the work to be completed in each contract, must be generated by the designers and included in the documents issued to tendering contractors so that they may compile and submit a realistic price for work.
1.3 Organization of the construction industry
The construction industry is involved in 3 basic types of work, each with diffrent and distinct charateristics and,consequently, with substantial differences in the organization of work and in contractual relationships.
Building work is frequently repetitive and generally above ground level with structural safety and aesthetic considerations tending to dominate the design process.
Civil engineering is mainly concerned with roadbridges, railways, tunnels, marine structure, and water works. Each project is normally a unique design, and the emphasis on control of water and on working below ground level implies that there may be a great element of risk and uncertainty. The promoter will normally engage a consulting engineer who is expert in the particular type of construction. It is normal for this engineer to undertake all design work, to supervise the working of the contractor(s), and to manage the realization of the project. The contractor is then employed (as in building) only to construct the works.
Process plant erection is the third branch of the construction industry. Here the promoter will normally be expert in the design and operation of the plant and will frequently undertake both the basic design and management of the project. The contractor will then be responsible for detailed design, manufacture, site fabrication, and erection of the plant units. The contract may require that the plant offered and erected by the contractor shall achieve a specified operating performance. Much of the site work is repetitive,e.g.,erection and lagging of pipework, and is labour-intensive.
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